Project: Seasonal and decadal changes in temperature drive Prochlorococcus ecotype distribution patterns

Acronym/Short Name:POWOW
Project Duration:2010-10 - 2014-09
Geolocation:Eastern North Pacific Ocean

Description

Project also known as 'Prochlorococcus Of Warming Ocean Waters' (POWOW).

The two numerically-dominant ecotypes of the marine cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus partition the surface ocean niche latitudinally, with ecotype eMIT9312 dominant in the 30 degree N to 30 degree S region and eMED4 dominant at higher latitudes. These ecotypes may account for 25-50% of primary production in open ocean ecosystems, but this percentage is dependent on which ecotype dominates. The relative abundance of the two ecotypes follows a log-linear relationship with temperature, with the transition from eMIT9312 to eMED4 occurring at approx. 18 degrees C. From these descriptive data, it has been hypothesized that temperature is the primary driver of relative abundance. Their contribution to net primary production, however, appears to be independent of temperature, suggesting temperature regulates ecotype dominance through photosynthesis-independent mechanisms.

To test these hypotheses, the PIs are undertaking a series of field and lab studies to investigate the effect of temperature change on the distribution of these ecotypes. Two cruises in the North Pacific will trace the transitions from eMIT9312- to eMED4-dominated regions, with one cruise during the winter and the other during summer. They have hypothesized that the ratio of ecotype abundance will move latitudinally with the seasonal shift in temperature gradient: migration of the 18 degrees C isotherm northward in the summer will be matched by a similar migration of the 1:1 ecotype transition point. Multiple crossings of the 18 degrees C isotherm are proposed, and the summer cruise will also follow the isotherm to the Western US coast to gain insight on physical and geochemical influences. Environmental variables such as nutrient concentrations, light/mixing depths, and virus /grazing based mortality, which may impinge on the relationship between temperature and ecotype ratio, will be assessed through a series of multivariate analyses of the collected suite of physical, chemical and biological data. Seasonal comparisons will be complemented with on-deck incubations and lab competition assays (using existing and new isolates) that will establish, for the first time, how fitness coefficients of these ecotypes relate to temperature. As latitudinal shifts in temperature gradient and migration of ecotypes during seasonal warming likely share common features with high latitude warming as a consequence of climate change, the investigator's analyses will contribute important biological parameters (e.g., abundances, production rates, temperature change coefficients) for modeling biological and biogeochemical responses to climate change. This research will be integrated with that of committed collaborators, generating data sufficient for ecosystem-scale characterizations of the contributions of temperature (relative to other forcing factors) in constraining the range and seasonal migration of these numerically dominant marine phototrophs.

Publications produced as result of this research:
Rowe, J.M., DeBruyn, J.M., Poorvin, L., LeCleir, G.R., Johnson, Z.I., Zinser, E.R., and Wilhelm, S.W. 2012. Viral and bacterial abundance and production in the Western Pacific Ocean and the relation to other oceanic realms. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 72, p. 359. DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2011.01223.x

Morris, J.J., Lenski, R.E. and E.R. Zinser. 2012. The Black Queen Hypothesis: Evolution of Dependencies through Adaptive Gene Loss. mBio, 3, p. e00036-12. DOI: 10.1128/mBio.00036-12

Morris, J.J., Johnson, Z.I., Szul, M.J., Keller, M., and Zinser, E.R. 2011. Dependence of the cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus on hydrogen peroxide scavenging microbes for growth at the ocean's surface. PLoS One, 6(2), p. 16805. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0016805

Ringuet, S., Sassano, L., and Johnson, Z.I. 2011. A suite of microplate reader-based colorimetric methods to quantify ammonium, nitrate, orthophosphate and silicate concentrations for aquatic nutrient monitoring. Journal of Environmental Monitoring. DOI:10.1039/C0EM00290A

Ritchie, A.E. and Johnson, Z.I. 2012. Abundance and genetic diversity of aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria of coastal regions of the Pacific Ocean. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 78, p. 2858. DOI: 10.1128/AEM.06268-11


DatasetLatest Version DateCurrent State
Alongtrack data from ship's Data Acquisition System (DAS) from R/V Thomas G. Thompson cruise TN277 in the Eastern North Pacific Ocean in 2012 (POWOW project)2021-06-16Final no updates expected
Underway fluorometer data from two R/V Kilo Moana cruises, KM1301 and KM1312, in the Eastern North Pacific Ocean in 2013 (POWOW project)2014-09-17Preliminary and in progress
Underway thermosalinograh data from two R/V Kilo Moana cruises, KM1301 and KM1312, in the Eastern North Pacific Ocean in 2013 (POWOW project)2014-09-17Preliminary and in progress
Underway navigation data from two R/V Kilo Moana cruises, KM1301 and KM1312, in the Eastern North Pacific Ocean in 2013 (POWOW project)2014-09-15Preliminary and in progress
Phytoplankton (Prochlorococcus, Synechococcus, and PEuks) determined by flow cytometry of samples collected on R/V Thomas G. Thompson and R/V Kilo Moana cruises TN277, KM1301, KM1312 in the Eastern North Pacific Ocean from 2012-2013 (POWOW project)2014-09-10Final no updates expected
Spectrophotometric pH measured at 25 degrees C using the total hydrogen ion scale from R/V Thomas G. Thompson and R/V Kilo Moana cruises TN277, KM1301, KM1312 in the Eastern North Pacific Ocean from 2012-2013 (POWOW project)2014-09-08Final no updates expected
Extracted chlorophyll data from CTD rosette bottles from R/V Thomas G. Thompson and R/V Kilo Moana cruises TN277, KM1301, KM1312 in the Eastern North Pacific Ocean from 2012-2013 (POWOW project)2014-07-16Final no updates expected
Processed CTD data from R/V Kilo Moana cruise KM1312 in the Eastern North Pacific Ocean from 2013-2013 (POWOW project)2014-07-11Final no updates expected
Nitrite (NO2) and Nitrate (NO3) concentrations from Thomas G. Thompson and R/V Kilo Moana cruises TN277, KM1301, KM1312 in the Eastern North Pacific Ocean from 2012-2013 (POWOW project)2014-07-10Final no updates expected
Phosphate (PO4) and Silicate (SiOH4) concentrations from R/V Thomas G. Thompson and R/V Kilo Moana cruises TN277, KM1301, KM1312 in the Eastern North Pacific Ocean from 2012-2013 (POWOW project)2014-07-10Final no updates expected
Ammonium (NH4) data from CTD rosette bottles from R/V Thomas G. Thompson and R/V Kilo Moana cruises TN277, KM1301, KM1312 in the Eastern North Pacific Ocean from 2012-2013 (POWOW project)2014-07-10Final no updates expected
CTD cast sheets from R/V Thomas G. Thompson and R/V Kilo Moana cruises TN277, KM1301, and KM1312 in the Eastern North Pacific Ocean from 2012-2013 (POWOW project)2014-05-23Final no updates expected
Dissolved inorganic carbon from R/V Thomas G. Thompson and R/V Kilo Moana cruises TN277, KM1301 in the Eastern North Pacific Ocean from 2012-2013 (POWOW project)2014-05-13Final with updates expected
Processed CTD data from R/V Kilo Moana cruise KM1301 in the Eastern North Pacific Ocean in 2013 (POWOW project)2014-05-01Final no updates expected
Total bacteria, including Archaea and Prochlorococcus, by flow cytometry from R/V Thomas G. Thompson cruise TN277 in the Eastern North Pacific Ocean in 2012 (POWOW project)2013-05-28Final no updates expected
Processed CTD data from R/V Thomas G. Thompson cruise TN277 in the Eastern North Pacific Ocean in March 2012 (POWOW project)2013-03-25Final no updates expected

Project Home Page


People

Principal Investigator: Zackary I. Johnson
Duke University

Co-Principal Investigator: Steven W. Wilhelm
University of Tennessee Knoxville (UTK)

Co-Principal Investigator: Erik Zinser
University of Tennessee Knoxville (UTK)