The sum of 2 times the logarithm of patch perimeter (meters) divided by the logarithm of patch area (square meters) for each patch in the landscape, divided by the number of patches; the raster formula is adjusted to correct for the bias in perimeter
Total landscape perimeter (meters), divided by the square root of the total landscape area (square meters), adjusted by a constant for a circular standard (vector) or square standard (raster)
the projected area of the aggregate (in cm squared) measured from the image when the copepod reacted. If the copepod did not react, the aggregate area was measured from an arbitrary image where the aggregate was completely visible.